Aug, 31, 2024

Vol.57 No.4

Editorial Office

Current Issue

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering 2024;57(4):
Understanding and trends in plastic plating technology

Jiwang Noh, Ingyeong Bae, Hyunwoo Kim, Sunkyu Kim*

Department of Industrial Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 225-233.

Abstract

The plastic plating process refers to coating a thin metal film onto a plastic surface. This technique has become essential for replacing costly metal products while maintaining equivalent performance, making plastic plating a critical technology. This paper presents an overview of the methods and future prospects of plastic plating.

Keywords

Plastic plating; Electroplating; Electroless plating; 3D printing

Research trends and Efficacy Analysis of Surface Characteristics of Bone Grafts

Yong-Hoon Jeong, Gye-Wook Lee, Tae-Gon Jung*

Department of Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (KBIOHealth), Cheongju 28160, South Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 234-253.

Abstract

As the population ages, the importance of effective bone disease treatments is increasing, highlighting the role of bone grafts. Bone grafts are categorized into natural (autografts, allografts, xenografts) and synthetic (ceramics, polymers). Natural grafts have excellent regenerative abilities but pose biological risks, while synthetic grafts are biocompatible but less effective in regeneration. Various studies aim to enhance the safety and efficacy of bone grafts, significantly altering their surface properties. This review examines these studies and the resulting surface changes, aiming to guide future research and clinical applications.

Keywords

Bone graft, Surface characteristic, Surface effectiveness, Bone regeneration, Biomaterials

A Review on Dielectric Breakdown of Anodic Oxide Films on Aluminum Alloys

Hien Van Phama,b, Cheolnam Yanga and Sungmo Moona,b,*

aEnergy & Environment Materials Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondaero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51508, Korea bAdvanced Materials Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseonggu, Daejeon 34113, Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 254-264.

Abstract

This paper reviews the dielectric breakdown resistance and behavior of anodic oxide films in air environment. It begins with a description of the dielectric breakdown mechanisms of dielectric materials. The paper then introduces different types of dielectric materials and compares them in terms of dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and cost. Next, the paper summarizes various fabrication methods for dielectric aluminum oxide layers, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, it provides an overview of current studies on the dielectric breakdown properties of anodic aluminum oxide films formed on different aluminum alloys in various electrolytes.

Keywords

Aluminum alloys, Anodic oxide film, Dielectric breakdown, Dielectric material

Study of an electrochemical analysis method for Indole-3-Acetic Acid based on reduced graphene oxide composite catalyst coated screen-printed carbon electrode

Yoo-Jin Weona,c, Min-Yeong Kima, Young-Bae Parkc* and Kyu Hwan Leea,b*

aSurface Technology Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwon-daero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51508, Republic of Korea bAdvenced Materials Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuesong-gu, Changwon, Deajeon 34113, Republic of Korea cSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Andong National University, 1375, Gyeongdong-ro, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 36729, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 265-273.

Abstract

An amperometric sensor for measuring indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was studied based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) coated with a reduced graphene oxide composite electrocatalyst. The PEI-GO dispersion is uniformly formed through a nucleophilic substitution reaction between the active amine group of Polyethyleneimine (PEI) and the epoxide group exposed on the surface of graphene oxide. And The 3-dimensional PEI-rGO AG (Polyethyleneimine-reduced graphene oxide aerogel) complex was easily prepared through simple heat treatment of the combined PEI-GO dispersion. The proposed composite catalyst electrode, PEI-rGO AG/SPCE, showed a two linear relationship in the low and high concentrations in IAA detection, and the linear equation was Ipa = 0.2883C + 0.0883 (R2=0.9230) at low concentration and Ipa = 0.00464C + 0.6623 (R2=0.9894) at high concentration was proposed, and the detection limit was calculated to be 203.5nM±33.2nM. These results showed the applicability of the PEI-rGO AG composite catalyst as an electrode material for electrocatalysts for the detection of IAA.

Keywords

Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Electrochemical sensor, Reduced graphene oxide aerogel, Conducting polymer composite, Polyethyleneimine

Effects of PEG addition as an additive for electroplating of Cu at high current density

Byeoung-Jae Kanga, Jun-Seo Yoona, Jong-Jae Parka, Tae-Gyu Woob*, Il-Song Parka,c*

aDepartment of Metallurgical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea bGraduate School of Flexible and Printable Electronics and LANL-CBNU Engineering Institute Korea, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea cDivision of Advanced Materials Engineering and Research Center for Advanced Materials Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, 54896, Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 274-284.

Abstract

In this study, copper foil was electroplated under high current density conditions. We used Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), known for its thermal stability and low decomposition rate, as an inhibitor to form a stable and smooth copper layer on the titanium cathode. The electrolyte was composed of 50 g/L CuSO4 and 100 g/L H2SO4, MPSA as an accelerator, JGB as a leveler, and PEG as a suppressor, and HCl was added as chloride ions for improving plating efficiency. The copper foil electroplated in the electrolyte added PEG which induced to inhibit the growth of rough crystals. As a result, the surface roughness value was reduced, and a uniform surface was formed over a large area. Moreover, the addition of PEG led to priority growth to the (111) plane and the formation of polygonal crystals through horizontal and vertical growth of crystals onto the cathode. In addition, the grains became fine when more than 30 ppm of PEG was added. As the microcrystalline structure changed, mechanical and electrical properties were altered. With the addition of PEG, the tensile strength increased due to grain refinement, and the elongation was improved due to the uniform surface. However, as the amount of PEG added increased, the corrosion rate and resistivity increased due to grain refinement. Finally, it was possible to manufacture a copper foil with excellent electrical and mechanical properties and the best surface properties when electroplating was carried out under the condition of additives with Cl- 20 ppm, MPSA 10 ppm, JGB 5 ppm, and PEG 10 ppm.

Keywords

Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Electrochemical sensor, Reduced graphene oxide aerogel, Conducting polymer composite, Polyethyleneimine

Study on the chemical activation process from PVDC-resin with CuO agent to synthesize mesoporous carbon for supercapacitor electrodes

Sang-Eun Chuna,b,c*

aSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea bInnovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea cResearch Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 285-295.

Abstract

PVDC-resin transforms into porous carbon through the removal of heteroatoms during heat treatment. When PVDC-resin mixed with chemical agent undergoes heat treatment, it transforms into porous carbon with a significant surface area. In this study, we aim to produce porous carbon using PVDC-resin as a precursor by mixing it with an inexpensive CuO agent in various ratios (1:1, 1:2) and varying the process temperatures (750°C, 950°C). To utilize the developed porous carbon as electrode for supercapacitors, this study explored the formation of micropores and mesopores during the activation process. The porous characteristics and specific surface area of the synthesized porous carbon were estimated using N2 isotherm. The specific capacitance and rate capability required for supercapacitor electrodes were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry. Experimental results demonstrated that when the precursor and agent were mixed in a 1:2 ratio, a high surface areal carbon with numerous micropores and mesopores was obtained. When the activation was performed at 950°C, no impurities remained from the agent, resulting in high rate performance. The porous carbon synthesized using PVDC-resin and CuO demonstrated high specific surface area and excellent rate capability, indicating its potential as an electrode material for supercapacitors.

Keywords

Porous carbon; PVDC-resin; CuO; Rate capability, Supercapacitor

Effect of various types of dental magnetostrictive ultrasonic scaler tip on surface characteristics of titanium

Min-Cheol Yang, Seok-Hwan Jeong, Seol Kim, Seung-Hwan Seol, Seung-Kyu Lee, Sang-Joun Yu*, Byung-Ock Kim*

Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 296-305.

Abstract

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the changes in the roughness and weight of titanium discs treated with 3 different types of magnetostrictive ultrasonic scaler tip. Eighty identical disks (10 mm in diameter), 50 for surface roughness and 30 for weight change, were investigated in this study. For this study, 3 types of scaler tip were used as follows; Powerline(FSI-PWR-1000), Slimline(FSI-SLI-1000), and Thinsert(-16 00037374). The power was set to high power(HP), medium power(MP), and low power(LP), in the blue zone recommended by the manufacturer. Surface topography analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface roughness measurements, the average surface roughness (Ra) and mean roughness profile depth (Rz), were compared between treated and non-treated surfaces with a profilometer. A PowerLINE-MP of magnetostrictive ultrasonic scalers for implant patients might be recommended when considering changes in the roughness and weight of titanium discs.

Keywords

Titanium alloy, Ultrasonic therapy, Dental scaling

Controlling hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of titanium bone fixation plates using femtosecond laser surface treatment

Hun-Kook Choia, Young-Jun Junga, Hyeongdo Jeongb, Seungpyo Kimb, Daeseon Moonb, Harim Songb,c, Ik-Bu Sohna,*

aAdvanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Korea bKJmeditec Co., Ltd, Gwangju 61009, Korea cDepartment of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 306-316.

Abstract

We conducted experiments to control the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties by adjusting line and grid patterns on the surface of medical bone fixation plates using a femtosecond laser. Basic experiments were conducted using pure titanium and titanium alloy (6% alumina, 4% vanadium). The spacing of the line and grid patterns was adjusted, and surface properties were confirmed using contact angle measurement equipment. We demonstrated the feasibility of controlling hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties through the patterns of lines and grids. Based on the results of the basic experiments, surface treatment was applied to medical bone fixation plates currently used in clinical practice. Through laser processing, we confirmed a contact angle of approximately 9.18° for hydrophilicity and approximately 101.07° for hydrophobicity. We confirmed that easy control of hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties is achievable using laser processing technology and anticipate its application in various medical component fields.

Keywords

Medical bone fixation plate; Hydrophobic; Hydrophilic; Surface treatment; Femtosecond laser

Direct growth of carbon nanotubes on LiFePO4 powders and the application as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries

Hyun-Ho Han, Jong-Hwan Lee, Goo-Hwan Jeong*

Interdisciplinary Program in Advanced Functional Materials and Devices Development, Graduate School of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 317-324.

Abstract

We demonstrate a direct growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the surface of LiFePO4 (LFP) powders for use in lithium-ion batteries (LIB). LFP has been widely used as a cathode material due to its low cost and high stability. However, there is a still enough room for development to overcome its low energy density and electrical conductivity. In this study, we fabricated novel structured composites of LFP and CNTs (LFP-CNTs) and characterized the electrochemical properties of LIB. The composites were prepared by direct growth of CNTs on the surface of LFP using a rotary chemical vapor deposition. The growth temperature and rotation speed of the chamber were optimized at 600 °C and 5 rpm, respectively. For the LIB cell fabrication, a half-cell was fabricated using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and carbon black as binder and conductive additives, respectively. The electrochemical properties of LIBs using commercial carbon-coated LFP (LFP/C), LFP with CNTs grown for 10 (LFP/CNTs-10m) and 30 min(LFP/CNTs-30m) are comparatively investigated. For example, after the formation cycle, we obtained 149.3, 160.1, and 175.0 mAh/g for LFP/C, LFP/CNTs-10m, and LFP/CNTs-30m, respectively. In addition, the improved rate performance and 111.9 mAh/g capacity at 2C rate were achieved from the LFP/CNTs-30m sample compared to the LFP/CNTs-10m and LFP/C samples. We believe that the approach using direct growth of CNTs on LFP particles provides straightforward solution to improve the conductivity in the LFP-based electrode by constructing conduction pathways.

Keywords

Lithium ion batteries, Direct growth, Carbon nanotubes, LiFePO4 powder, Rotary chemical vapor deposition

Design of Chlorine-resistant layer for stable electrode in seawater-based electrochemical devices

Suyeon Kim, Aye Myint Myat Kyaw, Chaeun Kim, Yewon Jang, Youri Han, Li Oi Lun*

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46287, Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 325-330.

Abstract

When seawater is used in electrochemical devices, issues arise such as the adsorption of chloride ions blocking the active sites for Oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in seawater batteries, and the occurrence of Chlorine evolution reactions (ClER) in seawater electrolysis due to chloride anions (Cl-) competing with OH- for catalytic active sites, potentially slowing down Oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Consequently, the performance of components used in seawater battery and seawater electrolysis may deteriorate. Therefore, conventional alloys are often used by coating or plating methods to minimize corrosion, albeit at the cost of reducing electrical conductivity. This study thus designed a corrosion-resistant layer by doping carbon with Nitrogen (N) and Sulfur (S) to maintain electrical conductivity while preventing corrosion. Optimal N,S doping ratios were developed, with corrosion experiments confirming that N,S (10:90) carbon exhibited the best corrosion resistance performance.

Keywords

Seawater; Chloride evolution reaction; Corrosion-resistant layer; N,S doping; Carbon

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) properties of pulse laser irradiated platinum catalysts with tailored size

Jeonghun Lee, Hyunsung Jung*

Nano convergence Materials Center, Emerging Materials R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET)

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 331-337.

Abstract

Platinum has been utilized as an excellent electrocatalyst with low overpotential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in water splitting, despite of its high cost. In this study, platinum particles were produced using pulsed laser technology as a HER catalyst for water splitting. The colloidal platinum particles were synthesized by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation (PLI) without reducing agents, not traditional polyol processes including reducing agents. The crystal structure, shape and size of the synthesized platinum particles as a function of pulsed laser irradiation time were investigated by XRD and SEM analysis. Additionally, the electrochemical properties for the HER in water splitting of the irradiation time-dependent platinum electrocatalysts were studied with the analysis of overpotentials in linear sweep voltammetry and Tafel slope.

Keywords

Platinum particle; Electrocatalyst; Pulsed laser irradiation; Hydrogen evolution reaction; Water splitting

The effect of precursor solution pH on the energy storage performance of α-MnO2 cathode for zinc-ion batteries synthesized via hydrothermal method

Sang-Eun Chuna,b,c,*

aSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea bInnovative Semiconductor Education and Research Center for Future Mobility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea cResearch Institute of Automotive Parts and Materials, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 338-347.

Abstract

α-MnO2 as a cathode material for Zn-ion batteries allows insertion and extraction of Zn ions within its tunnel structure during charge and discharge. The morphology and crystal structure of α-MnO2 particles critically determine their electrochemical behavior and energy storage performance. In this study, α-MnO2 was synthesized from precursor solutions under varying pH conditions using a hydrothermal method. The effects of pH values on the morphology, crystal structure, and electrochemical performance were systematically analyzed. The analysis revealed that materials synthesized at higher pH levels exhibited elongated and narrow nanorods with a lower specific surface area. In contrast, those formed at lower pH levels showed shorter, thicker nanorods with a higher specific surface area. This increased surface area at a lower pH enhanced the specific capacitance by providing a greater electrode/electrolyte interfacial area. By contrast, the material synthesized at higher pH conditions demonstrated superior rate capability, attributed to its crystal structure with wider lattice spacings. Wide lattice parameters in the material synthesized at higher pH conditions facilitated easier ion transport than at lower pH levels. Consequently, the study confirms that adjusting the pH of the precursor solution can optimize the electrochemical properties of α-MnO2 for Zn-ion batteries.

Keywords

Hydrothermal, α-MnO2, pH control, Specific capacitance, Rate capability

Effect of pulse frequency and duty cycle on microstructure, residual stress and mechanical properties of ZrN coatings deposited by mid-frequency magnetron sputtering

Sung-Yong Chun

Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, 534-729, Korea

The Korean Society of Surface Science and Engineering Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 348-354.

Abstract

Nanocrystalline zirconium nitride (ZrN) coatings were deposited by mid-frequency direct current sputtering (mfMS) with varying pulsed plasma parameters such as pulse frequency and duty cycle to understand the effect of pulsed plasma on the microstructure, residual stress and mechanical properties. The results show that, with the increasing pulse frequency and decreasing duty cycle, the coating morphology changed from a porous columnar to a dense structure, with finer grains. Mid-frequency magnetron sputtered ZrN coatings with pulse frequency of 30 kHz showed the highest both nanoindentation hardness of 16.3 GPa, and elastic modulus of 214.4 GPa. In addition, Effect of pulse frequency on a residual stress and average crystal grain sizes was also investigated.

Keywords

Mid-frequency magnetron sputtering; ZrN; Pulse frequency; Residual stress; Nanoindentation.